In the field of psychology, traditional diagnostic models like the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and the biopsychosocial model have long been used to guide mental health assessments and treatments. While these models provide valuable insights, they have also faced criticisms, particularly regarding their validity, reliability, and potential for mental health stigma (Blom & Oberink, 2012; Woo & Rey, 2005).
Rather than categorizing individuals into rigid diagnostic labels, an alternative approach—the Power Threat Meaning Framework (PTMF)—offers a more compassionate and holistic way to understand mental health struggles. Instead of asking “What is wrong with you?”, the PTMF shifts the focus to “What has happened to you?” and “How have you survived?” This framework acknowledges the impact of social, economic, and personal experiences on mental well-being, moving beyond a deficit-based model to one that empowers individuals.
For those seeking therapy, understanding this approach can help break down stigma, foster self-compassion, and encourage more meaningful mental health support.
Understanding the Power Threat Meaning Framework
The PTMF is guided by four key questions:
- What happened to you? (Examining the role of power and oppression)
- How did it affect you? (Understanding emotional and psychological responses)
- How did you make sense of it? (Exploring personal meaning and narratives)
- What did you do to survive? (Identifying coping mechanisms and resilience)
To illustrate the PTMF in action, let’s consider the case of Bronwyn, a woman whose life experiences highlight the profound impact of power, social structures, and resilience on mental health.
The Role of Power in Mental Health: “What Happened to You?” & “How Did It Affect You?”
Power influences mental health in many ways—through social, economic, familial, and systemic structures. In Bronwyn’s case, she grew up in a low socioeconomic environment where completing high school was rare, and she lacked the educational and social support necessary for academic success. This early lack of social capital affected her later life, making it difficult to pursue higher education and limiting her job opportunities.
Beyond economic struggles, Bronwyn also faced physical health challenges that further reduced her autonomy. She was deemed medically unfit to drive, limiting her independence and ability to secure employment. Additionally, she experienced knee problems, which affected her mobility and participation in certain activities.
Research indicates that chronic stress from economic hardship can increase vulnerability to mental health conditions like depression and anxiety (Breslau et al., 2008; Hudson, 2005). The stress of financial instability and limited access to opportunities can also shape the way individuals view themselves and their ability to change their circumstances.
Making Sense of Trauma: “How Did You Make Sense of It?”
A crucial aspect of the PTMF is understanding how individuals interpret their experiences. Bronwyn reported experiencing a traumatic event during adolescence, which significantly shaped her self-perception and mental health. She described feelings of meaninglessness, isolation, and confusion about her identity and purpose.
For many, narrative-building and social connection play a vital role in healing. Bronwyn found meaning and empowerment through community support, particularly by sharing her experiences with others who had gone through similar struggles. This aligns with research showing that peer support and connection can enhance psychological resilience and recovery (Chouliara et al., 2020).
Coping and Survival Strategies: “What Did You Do to Survive?”
Understanding coping mechanisms is essential to providing effective mental health support. Bronwyn engaged in social withdrawal as a way to protect herself from emotional pain. At times, she also experienced panic attacks, which can be seen as her body’s response to overwhelming distress.
However, one of Bronwyn’s strongest survival strategies was caring for others. She reported that becoming a mother helped her break free from substance use, and she later found fulfillment in supporting individuals with complex mental health challenges. While caregiving provided her with a sense of purpose, it also came at a cost—limiting her ability to focus on her own personal growth.
Recognizing these patterns allowed Bronwyn to make more intentional choices about her future, such as taking steps toward self-care and personal development.
Why the PTMF Matters for Mental Health Treatment
The Power Threat Meaning Framework offers a non-pathologizing, strengths-based perspective on mental health. Instead of focusing on symptom management alone, it encourages individuals to explore the broader context of their experiences, fostering self-compassion and empowerment.
For those considering therapy, this approach may feel more validating and person-centered than a traditional diagnostic model. Rather than feeling labeled or “broken,” the PTMF helps clients recognize their resilience and strengths in the face of adversity.
Seeking Support with a Psychologist
If you’re struggling with mental health concerns and feel overwhelmed by traditional diagnostic labels, working with a psychologist who incorporates holistic, trauma-informed approaches like the PTMF can be transformative.
At Kane Solly Psychology, we offer a safe, judgment-free space where you can explore your experiences in a way that prioritizes understanding, healing, and empowerment. Whether you are facing past trauma, anxiety, depression, or life transitions, therapy can help you develop new perspectives and coping strategies.
Take the first step toward healing. Contact us today to book a consultation and start your journey to self-discovery and resilience.
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